大學生也可以在大學教課？！—美國柏克萊大學DeCal課程與自由言論運動。

洪晟惠（2017）。大學生也可以在大學教課？！—美國柏克萊大學DeCal課程與自由言論運動。臺灣教育評論月刊，6（4），61-68。

http://www.ater.org.tw/journal/article/6-4/topic/10.pdf

大學生也可以在大學教課？！

—美國柏克萊大學DeCal課程與自由言論運動

洪晟惠

國立臺灣師範大學博士候選人

美國柏克萊加州大學訪問學生研究員

壹、              前言

在柏克萊聽聞一種正式可以獲得學分的課程，叫做DeCal的課程（其全名是Democratic Education program at Cal，Cal是California的簡稱，因為柏克萊屬於加州大學系統，而且是創始校，所以常僅以Cal稱之），是由大學生自己當授課老師，我不禁好奇，這種自己的課程自己教，究竟是一個什麼的概念！？

貳、      柏克萊大學DeCal課程

一、什麼是DeCal？

DeCal課程非專屬於某一個科系所開設，該課程的教學老師就是大學生自己，由大學生自己教大學生，提供傳統課程較少觸及到的多元主題，可以藉此發展不同興趣，也能藉由小團體課程增加與同儕互動的機會（Democratic Education at Cal, 2010a）。

二、DeCal的內容有什麼？

DeCal的課程約有150各類主題（Democratic Education at Cal, 2010a），以2017年春季學期為例，有212門審核通過的DeCal課程，有丹麥人的快樂秘訣，也有醫學院考試如何準備、聯合國與全球議題探討，另外還有性愛101以及寶可夢教室（詳細課程可見附件一），DeCal內容五花八門，光看課程名稱就讓人覺得有趣（Democratic Education at Cal, 2016）。

三、DeCal也能算學分

選修這些有趣的DeCal的課程，也能和一般大學課程一樣獲得學分，學分介於0.5學分到2之間，學生很被鼓勵去選修DeCal，DeCal的課程也時常滿額，至於額滿之後能否旁聽，就要去向負責教授該門DeCal的大學生討論（Democratic Education at Cal, 2010a）。

四、授課大學生與輔導教授共同負責的DeCal

負責教學DeCal的大學生的背後，其實有教授輔導著，系主任、教授與大學生共同負責該門課程，這位負責教學的大學生，可以視為被授權的教師，但是位輔導員（facilitator），而不是一般概念的講師（lecturer and instructor），當然也不會是同學的朋友。

這位授課教師的大學生，雖然身為同儕，但會負責課堂的教學，也負責課程的分數評鑑，該位負責教學的大學生會提供輔導教授有關修課學生的建議成績，之後再由教授輸入成績，成績只會有通過或不通過兩種，而沒有數字分級（Democratic Education at Cal, 2010a, 2010c）。

參、              DeCal與自由言論運動

DeCal是一種學生教學的概念，但其概念是植基於自由言論運動（Free Speech Movement），自由言論運動是在1964-1965年由柏克萊學生發起（Democratic Education at Cal, 2010b），1960年代是美國快速變革的時代，各種社會運動興起：黑人民權運動、學生運動、反文化運動及反越戰運動，其中的學生運動又以柏克萊大學的言論自由運動最具代表性（蔡米虹，2008）。

一、柏克萊大學的自由言論運動（Free Speech Movement）

柏克萊的自由言論運動，起因於1964年秋天，柏克萊校方發佈通知，嚴格限制學生組織不得在校園大門內，從事具有政治主張的活動，此舉引發學生激烈反彈，學生於是組織群聚於柏克萊校園班克羅夫特街（Bancroft Avenue）和電報大道（Telegraph Avenue）的入口處，原先是反抗校方不當管理學生活動，而後逐漸形成具體的行動訴求：言論自由（蔡米虹，2008）。

二、柏克萊大學的自由言論咖啡館（Free Speech Moment Cafe）

柏克萊成為自由言論運動的發園地，帶動起該時期全美的學生運動，至今校園內，還設有「自由言論咖啡館」（圖1與圖2）。

圖1  自由言論咖啡館立牌

圖2  自由言論咖啡館全景

「自由言論咖啡館」除了紀念自由言論運動，也紀念該運動中的關鍵人物：Mario Savio（圖3），其紀念說明中引用了他著名言說中的一句話：Just below the angels，其全文是：

On Free Speech:

To me, freedom of speech is something that represents the very dignity of what a human being is. That's what marks us off from the stones and the stars. You can speak freely. It is really the thing that marks us as just below the angels.

(Mario Savio Memorial Lecture, n.d.).

圖3  自由言論咖啡館中Mario Savio的紀念說明

三、自由言論運動帶起的教育體制批判

Edward P. Morgan在其1991年出版的書籍（The 60s Experience: Hard Lessons about Modern America）中提到，柏克萊的自由言論運動後來成為學生反抗的典範，激發了美國各校園內的學生行動主義者，不只爭取言論自由，也對教育體制批判，學生開始挑戰潛在課程（hidden curriculum）、反對激勵成績的花招（gamesmanship），也反對知識的一致性與順從式的教育等，Robert A. Goldberg也在其1991年出版的書籍《Grassroots Resistance》中表示，對於1960年代的美國學生來說，大學不該只是為了因應新社會、經濟的需要，而設立的「多元化大學」教育機構（引自蔡米虹，2008）。

四、因著自由言論運動發展而來的DeCal

從言論自由的爭取到教育體制的批判，DeCal課程也逐漸開始形成，首先是在1965年由哲學系教授Joseph Tussman設立了實驗課程（experimental program），該課程是讓大學生跟教授在沒有分級環境中，一起讀文本和討論，到了1968年開始第一個由學生發起的課程：社會分析（Social Analysis 139X），探討美國社會秩序等議題，由Eldridge Cleaver擔任客座教授，1980年時，教育學教授John Hurst和一群學生一起開始了課程Conservation and Resource Studies course以及Education for Democratic Action，而後於1985年開始使用Democratic Education at Cal稱呼之（簡稱為DeCal），主要提供學生發起的課程（Democratic Education at Cal, 2010b）。

DeCal課程發展蓬勃，從1985年十幾門發展到1997年五十幾門再到2002年的上百門，到了2004年已經有120幾門課程、250幾個負責教學的大學生老師以及4000多名選修DeCal的學生，到了2005年，DeCal課程開始推展到其他加州大學系統的校區，也在史丹佛大學、賓州大學與歐柏林學院開始施行，而這年也剛好正是DeCal的25週年（Democratic Education at Cal, 2010b）。

肆、              結語

DeCal是讓大學生自己教自己的一種教育課程模式，內容五花八門，能發展多元興趣，還能獲得學分，因為其品質仍有教授輔導把關，如此師生合作的新教學模式，在自由言論運動發源地柏克萊的脈絡環境之下因運而生，該運動的影響從言論自由的促進到教育體制的批判，讓教育可以不只是因應社會與經濟的機構，更可以是自主追尋知識的殿堂，進而更體現教育的真諦。

參考文獻

n   蔡米虹（2008）。從1964年柏克萊言論自由運動論美國大學生的理想教育—兼論戰後美國高教危機。興大歷史學報，20，189-224。

n   Mario Savio Memorial Lecture (n.d.). Who was Mario? Mario Savio Memorial Lecture Fund. 2017/2/25, retrieved from http://www.savio.org/who_was_mario.html

n   Democratic Education at Cal (2010a). About. DeCal. 2017/2/25, retrieved from http://www.decal.org/about/

n   Democratic Education at Cal (2010b). History. DeCal. 2017/2/25, retrieved from http://www.decal.org/about/history/

n   Democratic Education at Cal (2010c). How to facilitate. DeCal. 2017/2/25, retrieved from http://www.decal.org/start-a-course/how-to-facilitate/

n   Democratic Education at Cal (2016). Courses. DeCal. 2017/2/25, retrieved from http://decal.berkeley.edu/courses

附件一 DeCal課程列表2017年春季學期

Course Title	Category
DeCal Board Internship	Publication
Web Design Decal	Publication
Introduction to Photoshop and Illustrator	Other
Get Over It! An Introduction to Parkour	Publication
The Happiness Advantage	Other
Graphic Design Principles	Other
Communicating with Confidence and Charisma	Professional/Business
Aliens!	Publication
Criminal Psychology	Other
Free Ventures	Publication
Cal Pokémon Academy	Media
Modern Square Dance	Performance
PreMed 101	Publication
Cancer 101	Health
Intro to Surgery	Health
Art Anatomy	Publication
Introduction to the Entertainment Business	Publication
UCBUGG: 3D Modeling and Animation	Media
People's Test Preparation Services (PTPS)	Other
Introduction to Fundamental Investing	Professional/Business
Life Skills: Intro to Baking	Food
Video Games and You: The Player's Perspective	Media
Knitting 101	Other
Bollywood 101: Bringing Bollywood to Berkeley	Publication
FemSex	Other
GamesCrafters	Publication
Tamarkoz: Sufi Meditation	Health
Understanding Healthcare	Health
UCBUGG: Artistic Development For Animation (ADFA)	Media
Sex 101: Topics in Sexual Health	Health
Archery Decal	Health
The Berkeley Fiction Review: Small Press Publishing	Publication
Ecopoetry: Poetry and the Environment	Environment
Triple E Decal: Expressive Exercises in Empathy	Other
Science in Oakland Elementary Schools (SOES)	Publication
Tajwīd: Phonetics of Koranic Arabic	Other
Human Genetic Disorders	Health
Hands-On Practical Electronics (HOPE)	Other
Leadership and Justice: The Knowledge for Human Rights!	Publication
Introduction to Astrobiology	Publication
Medical Spanish	Health
Traditional Chinese Medicine 101: Know More about Your Body and Yourself	Publication
Integrative Medicine	Publication
Rethinking the Drug War: Historical Context, Framing, and Education	Political/Social
Copwatch: Community Based Police Accountability	Political/Social
Concrete Canoe	Other
ConLang DeCal	Publication
Data Science for Kaggle	Professional/Business
UC Hogwarts: The Wizarding World of Harry Potter	Publication
Gender, Race, and Sexuality in Video Games	Cultural
The Power of Networking	Professional/Business
Explorations in Bioprinting	Other
Introduction To Experience and Immersive Design	Publication
Drought: The Law, Science, and Reformation of Water Policy in California	Environment
Hardware Makers	Other
Urban Agriculture and Food Justice at the UC Gill Tract Community Farm (UCGTCF)	Environment
Neurozoology: Animal Brains and the Environment	Other
Off-Script Sociology: Outsiders Within the Syllabus	Political/Social
SwingCal: Learn How to Swing Dance!	Cultural
Literary Hedonism and the Affective Turn	Cultural
Ethics and Sustainability in Engineering	Publication
One Health for Action	Environment
Food For Thought	Food
Sustain U: Green Up Your Life	Environment
Learn to Play the Sather Tower Bells - A Carillon Study	Publication
An Introduction to Jazz	Publication
“Journey to China:” Exploration behind Icons	Political/Social
Taiwanese Language	Cultural
Issues in Affordable Housing	Publication
Quantum Consciousness	Publication
Palestine: A Settler Colonial Analysis	Political/Social
Ellen Degeneres	Publication
Faith & Reasons	Political/Social
Digital Tools for Architects	Other
Learn to Solve the Rubik's Cube/Speedcubing DeCal	Other
The A-Z’s About Catching Your Z’s	Health
Cooperatives: Alternative Business Models for a Resilient Economy	Other
Jesus, Muhammad, and the Modern State	Publication
PiE Robotics Competition DeCal	Other
Entrepreneurship Speaker Series	Professional/Business
BEAM (Berkeley Engineers and Mentors)	Publication
Impact Investments & Social Enterprises	Professional/Business
Photography Principles	Media
Underwood 2016: The House of Cards DeCal	Political/Social
100 Strong: Female Leadership and Mentorship Development	Political/Social
Smash Bros: The Anatomy of a Video Game Success	Publication
"Aloha Aina": Intro to Polynesian Dance in the Context of Environmental Awareness	Publication
PolitiCal: Golden State Politics Made Easy	Publication
IEEE Micromouse	Other
Generation Citizen	Political/Social
Healthcare in 2025	Publication
Analytical Thinking in League of Legends	Other
OK Google...	Publication
iOS DeCal	Other
Hands-on Ham Radio	Publication
All You Need is Love: the Politics, Psychology, and Philosophy behind the Beatles	Cultural
Going Down the EECS Stack	Publication
Ambience: An Introduction to Lightshow Gloving	Publication
High School: Breaking Ceilings	Other
Egyptian Hieroglyphs	Other
Magic: The Art and Theory of Deception	Performance
Peace Corps DeCal	Other
The Undergraduate Journal of Psychology at Berkeley	Publication
Know Your Beans: The History Politics and Culture of Coffee	Political/Social
Game Design and Development	Other
Intro to Counseling	Health
Diamond's Anatomy Enrichment Program	Health
The Art of Taiko Drumming	Publication
Water Activism and Water as a Human Right	Environment
Berkeley Review of Cognitive Science Articles (BROCA)	Publication
A Primer on Molecular Biology	Publication
Digital Marketing Today	Publication
Cal History, Spirit, and Traditions	Publication
The Politics of Oscar Wilde	Political/Social
Development Theory and Praxis in Haiti	Publication
Cryptocurrency Decal	Other
Calstar Yoga	Political/Social
Comics Studio Decal	Publication
Learn to Fly: Private Pilot Ground School	Other
Introduction to Chess	Publication
Issues: Berkeley Medical Journal	Publication
Meditation and Materialism	Publication
3D Printing and Design	Publication
Sather Health: Issues in Student Health	Publication
Human Health and the Environment: Consequences of Mismanagement	Publication
Health Advocacy DeCal	Publication
Salsa Dance: History, Culture, and Practice	Cultural
Actuarial Exam 1/P Preparatory Course	Professional/Business
Modern Family	Political/Social
Images of India: A Critical Exploration of the World's Largest Democracy	Political/Social
Intro to Brain-Computer Interfaces	Other
Cal Fencing	Publication
The Music, Lyrics and Art of Radiohead	Cultural
Filmmaking For Activists	Publication
Massage Therapy 101	Health
Engineering for Social Impact	Publication
The West Wing: Power and Principle in the American Political System	Political/Social
Learning LabVIEW	Other
Cal Miyazaki Decal	Cultural
Intro to Organic Gardening & Food Justice	Publication
Health Coaching Decal	Publication
Ableton 101	Media
Film: A Look Into Israeli Minorities	Publication
Teach in Prison	Other
Cal Environmental Team	Environment
Henna Art: Application and Cultural Perspectives	Cultural
Chamber Music for Fun	Publication
Drug Addiction: A Bio-Psycho-Social Approach	Publication
Music and Politics: The Melody of Social Movements and Resistance	Political/Social
Social Identities Intergroup Dialogue - Gender & Sexuality	Political/Social
The UN: International Governance and Global Issues	Political/Social
ChiLD: Children's Literature DeCal	Publication
Berkeley Scientific Journal	Publication
Introduction to Korean Drumming: P'ungmul II	Performance
Indian Polity and Public Policy	Political/Social
PIH Engage: A Critical Understanding of Public Health	Health
Pre-Health Decal	Publication
Visual Narratives and Storytelling	Media
Will Machine Learning Make Us More Human?	Media
Decolonizing Bodies in Public Health	Publication
Can't Tell Me Nothing: The Development of Kanye West's Artistry	Other
Introduction to Investment Banking	Publication
Genocide	Political/Social
Stem Cells: Science and Society	Health
Cantonese DeCal	Cultural
Human-Centered {Design.} DeCal	Other
She Won't Be Silenced: Great Women in Historical and Contemporary Politics	Publication
The Cult Film DeCal: Enough Said	Media
Health, Disease, and Advocacy in Slums	Publication
The Fundamentals of News Reporting	Media
Greek Folk Dance Decal	Publication
Video Game Music: Structure and Analysis	Media
Sustainable Energy for a Greener Tomorrow	Environment
West Coast Swing: History and Practice	Performance
A Danish Guide to Happiness	Cultural
MEDLIFE	Health
The Pursuit of Happiness: A Psychosocial and Spiritual Exploration	Health
Musical History of the Wind Band	Media
Scrabble: Strategy, Knowledge, and Fun	Other
The Biology of Social Issues	Health
Comparative Literature Undergraduate Journal	Publication
The Political Thought of Oscar Wilde	Political/Social
Concrete Canoe	Other
The First Year Experience at Cal	Other
Strawberry Creek Restoration	Environment
HIKE: Health Information for Kids' Education	Health
Intro To Guitar	Performance
Argentine Tango Decal	Publication
Drugs and Alcohol 101 ;)	Health
The Workshop: Interview Prep and Job Success	Publication
Actuarial Exam 2/FM Decal	Publication
Introduction to Leveraged Buyouts	Professional/Business
Masculinities: From Manhood to Selfhood	Political/Social
Breaking the Digital Age Barrier	Professional/Business
UGBA 98/198 An Introduction to Leadership and Culture	Professional/Business
Craft of Facilitating	Other
Oral and Dental Health	Health
CalTV: UC Berkeley's Online TV Station!!!	Media
Building Solidarity through Restorative Justice	Publication
How To Build The Future	Publication
Sex 101	Health
Europe 101	Publication
The Sage Mentorship Project	Political/Social
Break the Silence: Contemporary Issues in AAPI Community Health	Health
Learn to Play Bridge!	Other
The Beauty of Math	Other
Israeli Folk Dance	Publication
The North Korea Decal	Political/Social
Transportation Team	Publication
Jewish Identity in 21st Century Theater	Publication
Addressing Inequality through Urban Debate	Political/Social
History Unrated: How to Build an Empire	Political/Social